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中国行我也行：俄罗斯强推可回收火箭，要和长征10乙一较高下_我的网站

一 |     【军武次位面】作者：金色轰炸机          前几天，中国的长征十号乙火箭在首次试射中便取得了回收成功，使中国成为了全世界第二个掌握了火箭回收技术的国家。    Western media have spared no time in squeezing hype and sensationalism from the grizzly killing of Daria Dugina, with article after article on her death characterizing the late 29-year-old journalist’s father Alexander as Vladimir Putin’s “ally,” “closest aide,” or even the “brain” behind the Russian president’s geostrategic thinking.,Who is Mr. Dugin?,Dugin, 60, has been on the radar of Western mainstream media for nearly a decade, and since the beginning of the Ukrainian crisis in 2014 has often been described as a key Russian political thinker with close ties to the Kremlin or even with Putin personally – claims which are shaky at best and tabloid-level speculation at worst.,From Existential to Mystical: Tension With Russia Gets Dugin Aspect in West5 September 2015, 17:19 GMT,The thinker and academic first emerged on the Russian political scene in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when he marked opposition to the liberal, pro-Western political, social, and economic reforms being carried out by Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin.,In 1993, Dugin co-founded the National Bolshevik Party (NBP) – a radical political and counterculture movement seeking to fuse the seemingly irreconcilable – ultranationalism and communism, together with dissident Eduard Limonov and underground musician Egor Letov. The party became known for its "direct action" activities, including attacks on politicians and other public figures across the post-Soviet space, occupations of government buildings and party offices to protest neoliberalism, economic reforms, graft, NATO expansionism, and other issues. The NBP was eventually banned by Russian courts in 2007 over its radical activities.,Dugin left the NBP in 1998 amid irreconcilable differences with Limonov, and became an advisor to Communist Party politician and then-Duma Chairman Gennady Seleznev. During this period, he became head of the "Center for Geopolitical Expertise" on national security issues in the Duma, and lectured on geopolitics for the Russian General Staff.,From the late 1990s onward, Dugin became a proponent of Eurasianism – a highly eclectic ideology consisting of a nationalism, Orthodox faith, socialist and anti-modernist ideas and views, mysticism, and marked opposition to US-style social liberalism and capitalism.,In 2009, Dugin penned the Fourth Political Theory, a treatise akin to late Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi’s Green Book on a “new” political ideology designed to succeed the 20th century ideologies of Western-style liberalism, socialism, and fascism in light of the challenges posed by Western postmodernism. The latter was described in his book as a “morbid blend of the society of the spectacle and consumer culture” seeking “ultimate world domination” upon which a “war” must be waged.,RussiaMoscow: If 'Ukraine's Trace' Found in Dugina's Death, It'll Point at Kiev's State Terrorism PolicyYesterday, 09:05 GMT,Putin’s 'Aide, Ally and Brain'?,While some of Mr. Dugin’s views may superficially resemble those of the Russian president – especially as the latter are often interpreted by Western mainstream media painting him as a far-right or far-left radical, a closer inspection reveals crucial, narrative-breaking differences.,For one thing, Putin is not a socialist, and the Russian government’s policies have been firmly rooted in free market principles throughout his tenure in office. Secondly, unlike Dugin, who holds the USSR up on a pedestal as an expression of the “Russian dream,” and who has praised Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin at length, Putin has distanced himself from the USSR and consistently criticized the Bolsheviks’ policies, especially Lenin, blaming the revolutionary for the “time bombs” he says were placed under Russia, which culminated in the Soviet Union’s destruction.,Putin, unlike Dugin, has not advocated for a “Eurasianist” approach to relations with Russia’s neighbors, rejecting the latter’s vision of an empire stretching from the Far East to the shores of the Atlantic in favor of close trade and economic ties with the European Union, and the formation of a multipolar world order in which the sovereignty and freedom of national development trajectories of states both big and small are respected.,RussiaPutin: Collective West Purposely Destroying European Security System, NATO Moving East16 August, 07:08 GMT,Far from being a Kremlin loyalist or mouthpiece, Dugin has regularly criticized Putin and the Russian government over what he perceives as their shortcomings. In 2014, Dugin called for a tougher line in the crisis in Donbass, while Moscow sought to hammer out a negotiated settlement, with his criticisms ultimately contributing to his dismissal from his professorship at Moscow State University the same year. Dugin has also attacked Russia’s elites over their overly fragmented nature and susceptibility to Western influence. In a 2019 interview, Dugin praised Putin for “saving Russia,” but added that he felt that “none of his successes have reached a point of irreversibility.”,In a 2015 interview, Dugin revealed that he did not know the Russian president personally, had no influence over him, and never received a reply to any of the letters he had sent to the president.,If Not ‘Putin’s Brain’, Then Who?,Dugin is not “Putin’s brain,” nor his aide, secret counsel, or mentor. What he is is a leading Russian intellectual, political philosopher, and contemporary thinker who emerged to prominence during the turbulent years of the collapse of the USSR, and has managed to stay politically and publicly relevant for more than 30 years.。实际上，作为航天大国的俄罗斯，也一直在可回收火箭上这个赛道上发力，但无奈受技术水平、供应链体系的限制，一直没能取得成功。在看到中国先一步完成了火箭回收后，俄航天部门也不服输地提出要加速阿穆尔-LNG可回收火箭的开发。怎么看，俄都是想要和中国、美国一较高下。         ▲长征十号乙火箭          和很多人想的不一样，火箭回收不是只有美国人相当，实际上苏联早就想到了。前苏联早在上世纪70年代时，就提出过这样的设想，但当时的方案不是垂直降落回收，而是想着用滑翔的方式，让火箭水平着陆。

二 |          当初，苏联在发射“暴风雪”号航天飞机的时候，需要用到“能源”号重型火箭。这款火箭有4个液体助推器。在最初的设想中，它们就是可以回收的。这些助推器在分离后，会张开折叠机翼、尾翼，然后像飞机一样滑翔飞回火箭发射基地落，入到指定机场跑道中。从设计上而言这个方案问题不大，但由于当时苏联资金不到位，因而一直没能研发成功。

三 | 后来苏联解体，这一方案也就没有落实可能了。         ▲苏联的滑翔回收方案          2001年，赫鲁尼切夫航天中心曾计划复原该方案，提出过在“安加拉”火箭的第一级上，改装“贝加尔”号可回收式助推器。这个助推器配备了折叠翼和一台喷气式的发动机，“安加拉”火箭的子一级分离后，可以在“贝加尔”号的帮助下，像无人机一样飞回跑道。但这个设想，最终还是因为缺乏经费，只停留在了图纸和概念设计阶段。         苏联人提出的滑翔回收设想，一直没能够取得成功。

四 | 俄罗斯在犹豫的阶段，等待的却是Spacex公司的“猎鹰9号”率先完成了垂直反推回收。

五 | 实际上俄罗斯航天界之前也曾探讨过这个方案，但认为其弊端很大，因为火箭会为回收预留一部分的反推燃料，再加上格栅舵和可折叠的支架，火箭的推力会大受影响。与之相比，滑翔式的回收方案，反而不会浪费任何一点载重。所以，即使“猎鹰9号”已经成功了，俄罗斯还是不肯承认失败，主要精力仍放自家的老套路上。         ▲“猎鹰9号”          但在2020年以后，眼见着马斯克的公司在商业上取得了巨大的成功，甚至让俄罗斯丢掉了一部分的国外火箭发射订单，这才让俄罗斯国家航天集团终于选择低头承认现实。俄罗斯看清楚了，自己的滑翔方案根本走不通，于是决定作出重大战略调整。2020年，俄宣布将开发阿穆尔-LNG项目，它被设计为一款两级中型运载火箭，直接对标的对象就是“猎鹰9号”。         阿穆尔-LNG是俄罗斯首台使用液氧甲烷发动机的可重复使用火箭，计划在东方航天发射场专门建造的回收场地进行回收。这是一款直径4米级的火箭，在回收模式下的最大有效载荷仅有10.5吨，比美国的“猎鹰9号”和中国的长征10乙都弱了不少。         ▲阿穆尔-LNG想象图          在技术水平上，因为使用了RD-0169液氧甲烷发动机，阿穆尔-LNG确实要比美国的更为先进一些。但是在具体的回收方式上，这款俄罗斯火箭却几乎没有任何创新，它几乎是照搬了“猎鹰9号”的垂直返回回收模式，也安装了同样的格栅舵和尾部回收支架。         但说实话，就算如此，如果这款火箭能够研制并且取得发射回收上的成功，那么确实可以在国际市场上和“猎鹰9号”一较高下。然而十分可惜的是，2022年俄罗斯与乌克兰爆发了直接性的军事冲突，此后俄国内的供应链遭到了欧美的封锁，很多关键部件再也无法获得，这也大大影响到了阿穆尔-LNG的开发。再加上这两年来，俄罗斯国家财政大幅度的向常规军事力量倾斜，能够划拨给航天部门的经费简直是少之又少，就这么点儿钱，还得腾挪出大部分来升级前线导弹所需的格洛纳斯导航系统。以及天基卫星侦察系统，确实没有多少钱留给阿穆尔-LNG了。         ▲阿穆尔-LNG想象图          就在前几日，俄罗斯方面也是很无奈的宣布，原本计划在2026年内完成首次发射并回收的阿穆尔火箭，发射日期被迫推迟到了2030年以后。一方面是资金问题，一方面是技术问题，大大限制了俄罗斯在可回收火箭上的研发。

六 | 就算是俄想要与中美同台竞技，也得等到起码5年以后了，不得不说，这就是实力衰落的最直接体现。

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